Aspectos bioéticos y legales del secreto profesional en odontología / Bioethical and legal aspects of the professional secret in dentistry

Deontology and bioethics regulate the professional actions of doctors and dentists from a human and moral point of view. The dentist collects private information from each of his patients during the interrogation or clinical examination, and it is the dentist's obligation to keep silent about everything he sees or hears during the dental practice about the private life of his patients. The disclosure of secrets without the full authorization of the patient could undoubtedly affect their person, honor and reputation. In addition, the dentist has another type of private information about patients, known as personal data, which must be handled with great care and discretion. Professional secrecy is an ethical obligation of every dentist and its omission may bring legal repercussions. The aim of this article is to analyze the concept of professional secrecy, its ethical, deontological and legal aspects in dental practice (AU)

La deontología y bioética norman el actuar profesional de los médicos y odontólogos desde el punto de vista humano y moral. El odontólogo recaba información privada de cada uno de sus pacientes durante el interrogatorio o la exploración clínica, y es obligación del odontólogo guardar silencio de todo aquello que ve o escucha durante la consulta sobre la vida privada de sus pacientes. La revelación de secretos sin la plena autorización del paciente, podría generar sin duda afectaciones a su persona, honorabilidad y reputación. Además, el odontólogo posee otro tipo de información privada sobre los pacientes, conocida como datos personales, mismos que debe manejar con mucha cautela y discre- ción. El secreto profesional es una obligación ética de todo odontólogo y su omisión puede traer consigo repercusiones legales. El objetivo de este artículo consiste en analizar el concepto de secreto profesional, sus aspectos deontológicos, bioéticos y legales en la práctica odontológica (AU)

A Normative Framework for the Reconciliation of EU Data Protection Law and Medical Research Ethics.

EU data protection law and medical research ethics overlap in scope and content in numerous instances in which personal data are processed in medical research. It is not always the case, however, that the conditions outlined by the two rule-sets precisely coincide. In the past few years, this lack of confluence has led to confusion as to how the two rule-sets should best relate to one another. This confusion has led to different approaches to the relationship being taken, on occasion leading to counter-intuitive conclusions. Unfortunately, there has hitherto been little effort to provide clarity to this confusion. In this regard, this article attempts to provide a general normative framework aimed at facilitating optimally cogent and just reconciliations of EU data protection law and medical research ethics.

Vigilando las palabras de la historia clínica / Watching the words of the medical history

Las reclamaciones judiciales en Pediatría son menos frecuentes que en otras especialidades médicas. Además, en la mayoría de los casos es posible demostrar que la actuación se ajustó a lex artis ad hoc. Sin embargo, es posible que una serie de errores durante la realización de la historia clínica compliquen el proceso judicial, aunque la praxis fuera correcta en todo momento. Por ello, es importante difundir entre los pediatras la importancia de la correcta redacción de la historia clínica, una herramienta que debemos saber utilizar no solo en beneficio de nuestros pacientes, sino también para evitar acciones judiciales que pueden perjudicar seriamente nuestra vida personal y nuestra carrera profesional. Basándome en mi propia experiencia como perito judicial desde 2009, en las siguientes líneas daré algunos consejos para vigilar lo que escribimos en la historia clínica, expondré en qué consiste un dictamen pericial y definiré cuáles son los principales tipos de reclamaciones a las que un médico puede estar expuesto (AU)

[Health data in France: Abundant but complex]. / Les données de santé en France - Abondantes mais complexes.

TITLE: Les données de santé en France - Abondantes mais complexes. ABSTRACT: Alors que l'application de traçage des contacts (contact tracing) StopCovid (transformée à la mi-octobre 2020 en TousAntiCovid), débattue au Parlement1 en raison des inquiétudes qu'elle suscitait concernant la confidentialité des données personnelles et les libertés individuelles du fait qu'elle permet d'alerter un utilisateur s'il s'est trouvé à proximité d'une personne atteinte de la COVID-19, a été adoptée par près de 12 millions de personnes2, un dispositif concernant les données individuelles de santé, aux conséquences potentiellement beaucoup plus importantes pour les citoyens et leurs données personnelles, a commencé à se mettre en place suite à la Loi du 24 juillet 2019 (Loi n° 2019-774) relative à l'organisation et à la transformation du système de santé3 : la plateforme des données de santé, communément appelée Health Data Hub, constituée sous la forme d'un groupement d'intérêt public (GIP). Il ne s'agit plus de simplement signaler qu'on a croisé une personne anonyme infectée par le SARS-Cov-2, mais de réunir, dans une infrastructure informatique unique, un immense ensemble de données personnelles particulièrement sensibles concernant la totalité de la population française. Ce projet suscite désormais un certain intérêt médiatique et un début d'inquiétude. Mais cette inquiétude ne concerne presque uniquement que le fait que ces données sont déposées et gérées dans un cloud appartenant à une société américaine, un nuage informatique qui tombe sous le coup de la loi américaine de 2018 dite « CLOUD act4 ¼, qui ouvre la possibilité d'un transfert des données personnelles vers les États-Unis, comme s'en est inquiété récemment le Conseil d'État.5 Cet aspect est certes très important, mais il masque également de très nombreux enjeux liés au partage des données de santé, et qui sont largement méconnus de la population. Nous nous proposons de rappeler, tout d'abord, ce que sont les données de santé, ce qu'elles apportent et la nécessité d'en faciliter le partage, mais aussi les difficultés rencontrées pour leur accès et leur utilisation. Nous expliquerons ensuite, dans un deuxième article, en quoi cette plateforme des données de santé, telle qu'elle est conçue et pilotée par les pouvoirs publics pour répondre à ces difficultés et pour promouvoir l'intelligence artificielle en santé, est un projet qui soulève de fortes inquiétudes pour les citoyens et la société dans son ensemble. Même si les problèmes posés se présentent sous une forme différente selon les pays, notre propos concernera spécifiquement la situation en France.

WebPalestra: Prontuário. Aspectos legais, Acesso e Confiabilidade

Aspectos legais acerca das informações do prontuário e das pessoas que podem ter acesso a elas, observando os limites da lei de acesso a informação, tendo em vista o sigilo e o caráter de confidencialidade do prontuário. Lei nº 12.527, de 18 de novembro de 2011 e Resoluções do CFM.

Nurses' experiences of ICU diaries following implementation of national recommendations for diaries in intensive care units: A quality improvement project.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate critical care nurses' experiences of ICU diaries following the implementation of national recommendations for the use of diaries for critically ill patients. DESIGN: A quality improvement project describing the development and implementation of national recommendations (2011), as well as the assessment of the use of diaries in intensive care nursing practice (2014). SETTING: Norwegian intensive care units (ICUs). PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-nine Norwegian ICUs took part in the study. INTERVENTION: A multi-component process for developing national recommendations for the use of diaries in Norwegian ICUs, including recommendations for the target group, when to start, health professionals as authors, diary content, structure, language, use of photographs, handover, access and storage within patient medical records. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: A questionnaire asking about experiences of implementing national recommendations on diaries in Norwegian ICUs, as well as their impact and how they are used. RESULTS: Three years after the implementation of the national recommendations, diaries were provided in 24 (61.5%) of the responding ICUs. Fifty-six per cent of the ICUs had revised their routines, of which 62% had updated and 38% had developed new protocols. Most ICUs kept the diary along with other medical information describing patient care, but only 50% of the ICUs scanned handwritten diaries into the electronic medical records before handing them over to patients or the bereaved. ICU nurses reported that implementing national recommendations had increased their awareness and knowledge on patient and family needs, as well as the long-term effects of critical illness. CONCLUSION: The results of this quality improvement project indicate that access to national recommendations on the use of diaries for critically ill patients have a potential of changing routines and increase standardisation.

[French regulation of medical research]. / Réglementation de la recherche médicale en France.

In France, clinical research involving human beings is regulated by the Jardé's law since November 2016. The law distinguishes interventional and non-interventional studies. Both need to be authorized by a Persons Protection Committee. Studies performed on medical data collected during standard clinical care are not considered as studies involving human beings. Medical data are personal data. French Data Protection Authority National has an important role, guarantying the respect of regulation on personal data. We summarize in this article the different types of studies and the role of regulatory authorities.

Prevención Médico-Legal: Aplicación de la Matriz Foda a la Historia Clínica / Medico-Legal pervention of the SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) matrix to the clinic history

SWOT matrix is a strategic planning technique used to help to identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats related to project planning. SWOT matrx has been described as the tried-and-true tool for strategic analysis. Application of the SWOT matrix to the clinic history for its medico-legal evaluation, is referred

Becoming a Hybrid Entity: A Policy Option for Public Health.

When Congress passed HIPAA, it did not intend to constrain public health's data sharing in the same way as clinical or payers. In fact, HIPAA recognizes data sharing with public health as a matter of national priority and shields this function from its reach. However, a health department may offer services that bring it within HIPAA's purview, such as running a Children's Health Insurance Program or a laboratory that bills electronically. When this is the case, HIPAA requires all information and departments be subject to HIPAA unless the public health authority chooses to hybridize. Health departments might re-assess their coverage and elect to become a hybrid entity, thereby restricting HIPAA to only where required and removing barriers to information sharing with communities.

Competing Ethical Interests Regarding Privacy and Accountability in Psychotherapy.

"Jane" is a mother of two, who was referred for psychotherapy. However, Jane had misgivings about engaging in the offered psychotherapy because of threats made by her domestically violent partner. The therapy sessions are audio recorded for the purpose of professional supervision and clinician reflective practices. Jane's partner had threatened to subpoena the therapy recordings to legally separate Jane from her children. This article focuses on how three different parts of Jane's multidisciplinary care (i.e. clinicians, policy professionals and medico-legal professionals) exhibit different competing ethical priorities. Psychotherapeutic clinicians private use of audio recordings of the therapy enhances patient care and their own professional development but with the risk of concealing possible unethical behaviour by either party. Medico-legal access to the therapy recordings preserves potentially relevant evidence in the pursuit of justice but risks the interpretation of the psychotherapeutic information outside of the therapeutic context. Policies advocating the inclusion of the therapy recordings in the medical record improves clinician (and health service) accountability but risks harming the vulnerable patient due to threats to patient-therapist confidentiality.

Reasonable Expectations of Privacy and Disclosure of Health Data.

The law of confidence allows for a range of defined circumstances in which confidential patient information (CPI) can be disclosed without breach of confidence-including statutory gateway and overriding public interest. Outside such circumstances, current guidance to health professionals (the 'standard account') assumes that CPI can only be lawfully disclosed with patient consent. This article argues that the standard account has not yet caught up with judgments, post the Human Rights Act 1998 coming into force, which have reinterpreted the law of confidence in the light of Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights. In particular, the article explains the significance of the concept of a 'reasonable expectation of privacy' to an action for breach of confidence and thus to legal liability for disclosure of health data. It argues that conformity with a reasonable expectation of privacy provides an alternative account for the lawful disclosure of CPI, and may provide a more sustainable and authentic approach to meeting obligations under the law of confidence than the standard account. The article concludes with recommendations for an evolution of the standard account in a way that could allow restatement of associated concepts (such as consent) free from particular pressure to bend them out of shape. The evolution proposed continues to bring to the fore the patient perspective and allows protection of their 'reasonable expectations' regarding uses of data collected about them rather than those of the profession.

Keep Your Friends Close and Your Medical Records Closer: Defining the Extent to Which a Constitutional Right to Informational Privacy Protects Medical Records.

The following Article discusses the extent to which the constitutional right to informational privacy protects medical data from improper acquisition or dissemination by state agents. Part I provides background on Whalen v. Roe, the Supreme Court case that has been understood to establish the right to informational privacy. Part I also discusses the variations across the circuit courts as to what medical information is afforded protection by the right. Part II analyzes the well-established approaches adopted by the Second and Third Circuits as they present opposing interpretations of Whalen, one wholly protecting medical information and the other protecting scarcely any. Finally, Part III explains why the Supreme Court and courts that have yet to adopt a uniform approach should follow the Third Circuit and constitutionally protect all medical information from improper government acquisition or dissemination. Part III also argues for an amendment to the Privacy Act to provide individuals whose medical conditions are not afforded protection under the Constitution an alternative remedy.

O sigilo do prontuário médico como um direito essencial do paciente: uma análise a partir das normativas do Conselho Federal de Medicina / The confidentiality of medical record as an essential right of the patient: an analysis based on the regulations of the Federal Council of Medicine

Objetivo: avaliar a condição de sigilo do prontuário médico a partir da perspectiva do direito do paciente, considerando as normativas vigentes no país emanadas do Conselho Federal de Medicina. Metodologia: a pesquisa tem natureza bibliográfica e documental, consubstanciando-se em livros e artigos da área jurídica, em legislação ordinária e resoluções do Conselho Federal de Medicina. Resultados: o prontuário médico é documento complexo, que apresenta caráter informativo e científico. Confidencialidade, sigilo e segurança das informações são princípios observados quando da divulgação das informações contidas no documento. Conclusão: o prontuário médico, seja físico, seja digital, mais do que uma ferramenta de trabalho dos médicos e instituições de saúde, é um direito do paciente e que se encontra acobertado pelo sigilo em respeito à intimidade do paciente. (AU)

Objetivo: evaluar la condición de sigilo del prontuario médico desde la perspectiva del derecho del paciente, considerando las normativas vigentes en el país emanadas del Consejo Federal de Medicina. Metodología: la investigación tiene naturaleza bibliográfica y documental, consubstanciándose en libros y artículos del área jurídica, en legislación ordinaria y resoluciones del Consejo Federal de Medicina. Resultados: el prontuario médico es un documento complejo, que presenta carácter informativo y científico. Confidencialidad, confidencialidad y seguridad de la información son principios observados al divulgar la información contenida en el documento. Conclusión: el prontuario médico, ya sea físico, ya sea digital, más que una herramienta de trabajo de los médicos e instituciones de salud, es un derecho del paciente y que se encuentra encubierto por el sigilo en respeto a la intimidad del paciente. (AU)

Objective: to evaluate the confidentiality condition of the medical record from the perspective of the patient's right, considering the regulations in force in the country emanating from the Federal Medical Council. Methodology: the research has bibliographic and documentary nature, in books and articles of the legal area, in ordinary legislation and resolutions of the Federal Council of Medicine. Results: medical records are complex documents, which are informative and scientific. Confidentiality, confidentiality and security of information are principles observed when disclosing the information contained in the document. Conclusion: Medical records, whether physical or digital, are more than a work tool of physicians and health institutions, it is a patient's right and is covered by secrecy with respect to the patient's intimacy. (AU)